Usually used as the notation for a programming language's grammar. Explanation: The leftmost derivation is that derivation of context-free grammar which replaces the leftmost non-terminal symbol at each step. In the source program, lexemes are characters which are identified by the pattern for a token. b) ai- the current input symbol. Explanation: Lexical grammar is a type of grammar which specifies the syntax of tokens. Xn A production has exactly one symbol A on the left-hand side (LHS) Can have zero, one, or more symbols Xi on the right-hand side (RHS) Syntax is concerned with the structure of language. Each one comes with different kind of coding styles; In compiler design we call it grammar which describes the coding style of particular language. languages are also used for specifying the syntax of many other types of files. ________ defines the system's actions and how different parts contribute to it. The parser has two different techniques for creating a different parse tree. Dinesh Thakur is a Freelance Writer who helps different clients from all over the globe. Explanation: Context-sensitive languages are those languages which are defined by context-sensitive grammar. This article can be viewed as both a practical guide for writing a JavaScript compiler and a theoretical resource that describes the basic concepts and principles of compiler design. Lexical analysis Parser Code generation Code optimization. d. to increase the chances of re-using the machine-independent code optimizer in other compilers. 38) Which method merges the multiple loops into the single one? And, it is called the canonical collection of LR(0) item. For each state i of the NFA, create a non-terminal Ai. The process of forming tokens from an input stream of characters is called __________. Parser generated the parse tree using the predefined grammar. *, 13 ) Which of the following statement is true for Dead State? Answer: b. Explanation: GOTO is a function that is called for defining the DFA. a. Which symbol table implementation is based on the property of locality of reference? 1. *, 2. Chapter 3; Concept of Programming language; 182-186. The parser phase is next to the lexical analysis phase in the compiler. Every regular language is a context free language but reverse does not hold. Explanation: A right linear grammar is that grammar which contains all the non-terminals on the right-hand side at the right ends. Suppose Type1 is a subrange of Integer. Answer: b. Peephole optimization technique. Playing a game on Computer Making a machine Intelligent Programming on Machine with your Own Intelligence Putting your intelligence in Machine Hide Answer Workspace Answer: b. Explanation: Ambiguous grammar is a context-free grammar which gives more than one leftmost or rightmost derivation for the same specified sentence. 1. COMPILER DESIGN ALL TOPICS *, 30) The regular languages are not closed under ___________ *, 1 ) The regular expression denotes a language comprising all possible strings of even length over the alphabet (0, 1). 11) Which parser is most powerful in the following parsers? This book is designed for the students interested in learning the . A directory of Objective Type Questions covering all the Computer Science subjects. Compiler-compilers exist in many flavors, including bottom-up rewrite machine generators (see JBurg) used to tile syntax trees according to a rewrite grammar for code generation, and attribute grammar parser generators (e.g. Example Open MP List of compiler 1. 42) What type of conflicts can occur in the shift-reduce parsing? Some teaching approaches focus on formal rules of grammar that precede language practice or performance. Basic Components of a . 52) Which of the following structure has four fields? This function also selects the registers for every memory location. If ACTION [sm, ai] = shift s. The parser executes the shift move, it shifts the next state s onto the stack, entering the configuration. -- Lexical analysis -- Parser -- Code generation -- Code optimization Explanation: Operator grammar is the grammar that does not contain two adjacent non-terminals on the right side of the production. BASIC compiler 4. Grammars are used to describe the syntax of a programming language. *, 12) Which of the following are Lexemes? A directory of Objective Type Questions covering all the Computer Science subjects. 45) FORTRAN programming language is a _______. A context-free grammar is a set of recursive rules used to generate patterns of strings. An assembler then translates the assembly program into machine code (object). *, 2) Does the compiler program translate the whole source code in one step? syntax is the form of expression, statements and program units. Explanation: Quadruples are a record structure in a compiler with four fields for implementing the three address code. The classification of formal grammar is important in theoretical computer science. For instance, when constructing a language translation tool, such as a compiler, it may be used to assign semantic values to syntax constructions. languages are also used for specifying the syntax of many other types of files. Compiler Design Interview Questions and Answers. The compiler-compiler takes a grammar of the specified format and produces a binary code to parse strings conforming to that grammar. Each phase of this pipeline is a separate component. Explanation: The first part of the compiler (lexical analysis) is also known as a scanner. String generated by following expression is S->aS/bA, A->d/ccA *. Behavior b. Published through lulu.com. Answer: c. Non Deterministic Finite Automata. Used to and Would. 7) Parsing is categorized into how many types? 8) In which parsing, the parser constructs the parse tree from the start symbol and transforms it into the input symbol. 40) Which of the following tree is the pictorial identification of the derivation? If state i has a transition to state j on input a, add the production Ai -> aAj. Explanation: The compiler does not take more time to execute. c. The execution takes place after the removal of all syntax errors, d. Firstly scans the entire program and then transforms it into machine-understandable code. Answer (1 of 4): A context-free grammar is the simplest "type" of language that will let you specify nesting. 6. define a left-recursive grammar rule. 7. 6. define a left-recursive grammar rule. =Attribute grammar is primary used to provide complete descriptions of the syntax and static semantics of programming languages. Chapter 3 concept of programming language 2010 ebook. Explanation: Artificial Intelligence is a branch of Computer science, which aims to create intelligent machines so that machine can think intelligently in the same manner as a human does. Syntax - is the form or structure of the expressions, statements and program units. 21) Which phase of the compiler is also known as Parser? Explanation: The full form of DFA is Deterministic Finite Automata. Hence, CFL is a collection of input strings which are terminals, derived from the start symbol of grammar on multiple steps. Models help us to________ a system as it is or the way it is wanted. It is also used in breaking the syntaxes into the set of tokens. It produces syntax analyzers (parsers) from the input that is based on a grammatical . Real-life situation Small Search Space Complex game All of the above Hide Answer Workspace, Artificial Intelligence Multiple Choice Questions. Context-free grammars are studied in fields of theoretical computer science, compiler design, and linguistics. *, c) If control enters no way to come out from the state, 14) A Which phenomenon happens when the non-terminal on the left side is repeated as the first symbol on the right side? Answer : Attribute grammars are used to describe more of the structure of a programming language than can be described with a context-free grammar. C++ . Concept of Programming language Chapter 3. This grammar can be simply converted into the DFA. ANTLR can be used for simultaneous type checking, constant propagation, and more during the parsing stage). c. the orders in which the computations are performed. This type of parsing is also referred to as predictive or recursive parsing. Which concept of grammar is used in the compiler a. Parser b. syntax is the form of expression, statements and program units. 17) Which part of the compiler highly used the grammar concept? Answer: d. to increase the chances of re-using the machine-independent code optimizer in other compilers. Assume ∑ = {a} and ε is the empty string. Explanation: The rightmost derivation is that derivation of context-free grammar, which replaces the rightmost non-terminal symbol at each step. Programming Language Basics. These questions are frequently asked in all Trb Exams, Bank Clerical Exams, Bank PO, IBPS Exams and all Entrance Exams 2017 like Cat Exams 2017, Mat Exams 2017, Xat Exams 2017, Tancet Exams 2017, MBA Exams 2017, MCA Exams 2017 and SSC 2017 Exams. The first compiler was build by John Backum and his group between 1954 and 1957 at IBM. It analyses the syntactical structure and checks if the given input is in the correct syntax of the programming language or not. Programming Language Concepts Introduction • Chapter 1 described three approaches to implementing programming languages: compilation, pure interpretation, and hybrid implementation. | EduRev Computer Science Engineering (CSE) Question is disucussed on EduRev Study Group by 3384 Computer Science Engineering (CSE) Students. Grammar of the programming is checked at _____ phase of compiler. C# compiler 5. It is used to parse the large class of grammars. ALGOL compiler 3. b. to increase the error reporting & recovery. It is also known as Deterministic Finite Acceptor. 12. Regular expression is an important notation for specifying patterns. while semantics is the meaning of those expression, statements that we type into the code. Machine language can not be used to define . Which concept of grammar is used in the compiler? *, 22) The Tuples for NDFA is ___________ *, 23) What is the complement of the language accepted by the NFA shown below? • Type 0 grammar • Type 1 grammar • Type 2 grammar • Type 3 grammar . 46) The execution time of the code depends on? In particular, ev ery man-mac hine in terface constitutes a form of programming language and the handling of input in v olv es these tec hniques. A loader loads all of them into memory and then the program is . Concepts of Programming Language : Chapter 3. b. Explanation: Canonical LR (CLR) is the most powerful parser than LALR and SLR. Explanation: The concept of grammar is much used in the parser phase of the compiler. Grammars are more powerful than regular expressions. The grammar and semantics codify these decisions. Why can machine language not be used to define statements in operational semantics? | EduRev Computer Science Engineering (CSE) Question is disucussed on EduRev Study Group by 3384 Computer Science Engineering (CSE) Students. The concept of grammar is much used in this part of the compiler a. lexical analysis b. parser c. code generation d. code optimization; Question: The concept of grammar is much used in this part of the compiler a. lexical analysis b. parser c. code generation d. code optimization Lecturer: Mr. Tri Djoko Wahjono, Ir, M.Sc. Semantics is concerned with the meaning . Explanation: The code optimization technique is divided into machine-dependent and machine-independent types. 31) Which compiler runs on one machine and generates code for multiple machines? if there is a derivations S->X->aX, then a is in First(S). Note that none of these are quite suitable for implementation in a LALR or LL(*) compiler generator yet, and would have to be massaged for implementation because they are ambiguous. Explanation: DAG is a Directed Acyclic Graph, which is constructed using three address code for optimizing the basic blocks. This programming technique may reduce the runtime performance of the program. Review Question. *, 25) The transitions which does not take an input symbol are called ___________ *, 27 ) Leaf nodes in a parse tree indicate? The name "compiler" is primarily used for programs that translate source code from a high-level programming language to a lower level language (e.g. Explanation: The full form of NFA is Non-Deterministic Finite Automata. This parsing will be done in the same way that the parsing of a programming language is done. Every construct that can be described by a regular expression can be described by a grammar but not vice-versa. It specifies the structure of expression and statements. a. "R" stands for constructing a right most derivation in reverse. 15. A Programming Language Grammar is a set of instructions about how to write statements that are valid for that programming language. Syntax is a matter of the logical or grammatical form of sentences, rather than what they refer to or mean. S → SaSbS|ε *, 19) Regular expression x/y denotes which of the following set *, 20) Given a NFA with N states, the maximum number of states in an equivalent minimized DFA is at least. 10) Which derivation is generated by the bottom-up parser? 32) Which of the following is not a characteristic of the compiler? The instructions are given in the form of rules that specify how characters and words can be put one after the other, to form valid statements (also called sentences). Explanation: Users write the program in a high-level language because it is easier to use, understand and remember. 14) Which grammar gives multiple parse trees for the same string? The compiler technology is applied in various computer fields such as HLL implementation, program translation, and computer architecture (design and optimization). Grammar: Form, Meaning, and Use The concept of grammar and how to teach it includes a wide range of perspectives. 1. An attribute grammar is a device used to describe more of the structure of a programming language than can be described with a context-free grammar. Explanation: The value of the induction variable is updated inside the loop by a loop-invariant value. Example Open MP List of compiler 1. Explanation: Context-sensitive grammar is the most general phase of structured grammar because, in this grammar, the left-hand side and the right side contain the terminals or non-terminals. Lexical analysis Parser Code generation Code optimization. *, 21) The production of the form no terminal → Λ is said to be null production. Explanation: The object file contains the object code, which is an output of an assembler. Ambiguous Grammar- A grammar is said to be ambiguous if it produces more than one parse tree for at least one string generated by it. About Us | Contact Us | FAQ Dinesh Thakur is a Technology Columinist and founder of Computer Notes.Copyright © 2021. Explanation: In the compiler, interior nodes are specified by the operator symbol. It constructs the parse tree from left to right and constructs the left-most derivation of the specified sentence. We have seen that a lexical analyzer can identify tokens with the help of regular expressions and pattern rules. Concept of Programming Language: Chapter 3. Compiler is a kind of program that translates source code from high level language in to lower level language. Explanation: All the leaf nodes in the parse tree indicate the terminals. 25) Which graph describes the basic block and successor relationship? 55) Which mapping is described by the implementation of the syntax-directed translator? Explanation: Input-Output is a mapping which is described by the implementation of the syntax-directed translator (SDT). Explanation: Top-down parsing is a technique which constructs the parse tree from the start symbol and transforms it to the input symbol. An attribute grammar is a device used to describe more of the structure of a programming language than can be described with a context-free grammar. With this knowledge, you now can create your own programming language and write a optimized compiler . *, 24) Match the following. Compiler Design - Syntax Analysis. Complication b. Simplification c. Realization d. Generalization 2. Grammar is the foundation for all of our writing and speaking in English. Explanation: The shift-reduce parser contains only shift, reduce, error and accept action. 13. Explanation: A flow graph is a graph of the compiler which describes the basic blocks and how the program control is passed between the blocks. 1. define syntax & semantics. 1. COBOL was the first programming language which was compiled on multiple platforms in 1960 Design c. Visualize d. Measure 3. Explanation: Lexical analyzer is used in the compiler for removing the Whitespace and comments. 2. The study of formal grammar is not just for writing compiler, but is fundamental to questions about computability and is a foundation of mathematical logic. The C compiler, compiles the program and translates it to assembly program (low-level language). *, 3. 33) Which phenomenon happens when the non-terminal on the left side is repeated as the first symbol on the right side? 30) The value of which variable is updated inside the loop by a loop-invariant value? The legal organization of tokens into statements are described by a context free grammar (CFG). a. Analyze b. *, 9) Which of the following are labeled by operator symbol? Can you explain this answer? It is also known as a Non-Deterministic Finite State-machine. Making a machine Intelligent. It is also used to specify how attribute values are computed. If ACTION [sm, ai] =reduce A—> β, then the parser executes a reduce move, entering the configuration. Explanation: The address descriptor is a descriptor of the code generator technique, which keeps track of the memory location.
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