(A) Clay structural units; tetrahedral and octahedral. Clay minerals share another characteristic besides particle size: they form as low-temperature alteration products of igneous and high-temperature metamorphic minerals in the presence of liquid water. In the years 1930—1950 clay mineral identification involved mainly a combination of X-ray powder diffraction and chemical analysis with some assistance from other techniques, notably differential thermal analysis. 8.1. A 1:1 clay would consist of one tetrahedral sheet and one octahedral sheet, and examples would be kaolinite and serpentinite. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Although clay minerals are considered stable over long periods of time, recent studies have demonstrated that the crystallographic structures and types of clay minerals can undergo spontaneous modification and transformation with changes in environmental conditions. Introduction; Structure and properties of the Clay Minerals; Clays in ceramic products; Clays in foundry molding sands; Clay mineralogy in relation to the engineering properties of clay materials; Clays in the discovery and recovery of ... Each silica tetrahedron shares three of its vertex oxygen ions with other tetrahedra, forming a hexagonal array in two dimensions. If the center of an octahedral is occupied by a trivalent metal such as Al3+ and Fe3+, it is called a dioctahedral (Xi, 2006). William Bleam, in Soil and Environmental Chemistry (Second Edition), 2017. This book follows another by the same author, published in 1977, which the author considered as ``a first attempt to put some order in the house of clay petrology''. If the layers are charged this charge is balanced by interlayer cations such as Na+ or K+ or by a lone octahedral sheet. Clay minerals include the following groups: Mixed layer clay variations exist for most of the above groups. (See CLAY MINERALS.). 187–192). Illite Group 4. Mineralogical Society, London, UK, 504 pp. The centers of the four O2− ions form the apices of a regular tetrahedron, and the small space in the center is called a ‘tetrahedral site.’ Cations located in tetrahedral sites are in fourfold or tetrahedral coordination, because they are surrounded by and bonded to four O2− ions. They shape in soils and sediments, and through diagenetic and hydrothermal alteration of rocks. * 73%>%Q1Q*I5*\?$cA&4!6"+T4,?$''F/$V82Q,(A>@KVR^cQyaT~zJopkwkreJV;.;',7C53+$6',+5lgWoAjE:YI;NE1D8$2"#HPHMO;*%$7@6HE/D? Soil organic matter was more strongly bound to vermiculite and smectite than to kaolinite and illite and therefore influenced the transport of these mineral particles. The content and types of clay minerals in marine LMX shale and continental ZLJ shale are quite different, resulting in different effects of clay minerals on pore structure and fractal dimension of marine and continental shale. Atefe Rezaei, ... Seid Mahdi Jafari, in Safety and Regulatory Issues of Nanoencapsulated Food Ingredients, 2021. At ambient temperature and neutral pH, the degradation of QACs adsorbed on clay surface is very slow (~5% decomposed in 5 months) (Frenkel and Solomon, 1977). The rate and extent of these transformations must be considered in agricultural practices that are used to manage soil functions and associated ecosystem services of soil systems. The layers in 1:1 clays are uncharged and are bonded by hydrogen bonds between layers, but 2:1 layers have a net negative charge and may be bonded together either by individual cations (such as potassium in illite or sodium or calcium in smectites) or by positively charged octahedral sheets (as in chlorites).[9]. Clay minerals have a sheet-like structure and are composed of mainly tetrahedrally arranged silicate and octahedrally arranged aluminate groups. The Clay Minerals. Then they share oxygen with each other to form a tetrahedral sheet. It is a 1:1 clay mineral - the basic unit is composed of a 2-dimensional (2D) layer of silicate groups tightly bonded to a 2D layer of aluminate . The first edition of the Handbook of Clay Science published in 2006 assembled the scattered literature on the varied and diverse aspects that make up the discipline of clay science. Topographic map of the active TAG mound ...) /Dest [ 1 0 R /XYZ null 466 null ] /Parent 897 0 R /Next 909 0 R >> endobj 900 0 obj << /Title (Figure 4. Clay minerals are classified into three groups on the features of layer type as follows (Barton, 2002; Landoulsi, 2013; Ombaka, 2016): (1) 1:1 clays where each layer consists of one silica tetrahedral sheet that is joined with an aluminum octahedral layer (e.g., kaolinite and serpentine); (2) the silicate unit layer of another type consists of one octahedral layer which is sandwiched between two tetrahedral layers and is called 2:1 clay (e.g., smectite, vermiculite, and mica), as shown in Fig. Clay Minerals All clay minerals have a similar chemical composition, a layered structure, and a great affinity for water. Handbook of clay science (Vol. This book is bible for beginning radio professionals: the complete, definitive guide to the internal workings of radio stations and the radio industry. Soil colloids: Their nature and practical significance. This book discusses the application of clay materials for the removal of organic compounds from contaminated waters. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Experimental NMR conditions were chosen to give a quantitative relationship between signal strength and Al content. Of huge relevance in a number of fields, this is a survey of the different processes of soil clay mineral formation and the consequences of these processes concerning the soil ecosystem, especially plant and mineral. [7], Because the individual particles in clay are less than 4 micrometers (0.00016 in) in size, they cannot be characterized by ordinary optical or physical methods. Clay minerals are hydrous aluminium phyllosilicates, sometimes with variable amounts of iron, magnesium, alkali metals, alkaline earths, and other cations found on or near some planetary surfaces. Kaolinite Crystal. Brindley G.W. It is formed by rock weathering. In C. T. J. R. Schoonheydt & F. Bergaya (Eds. Mixed-layers clay minerals are important because their complex structure and intermediate composition between end-members provide information on the real variability span of clay minerals: their crystal chemistry, stability, environmental conditions of formation, etc. Clay minerals often include variable amounts of Fe2+,3+, Mg2+, alkali metals, and other cations which can be present in the interlayer(s) space or in the lattice framework (Zhou & Keeling, 2013). In: Sumner ME (ed.) The entries are arranged alphabetically, for easy access, and the subject and author indices are comprehensive and extensive. Geochemistry applies chemical techniques and approaches to understanding the Earth and how it works. Clay minerals are also especially affected by ion exchange as they have a strong capacity for exchange within interlayers and with surface ions. Structure of Clay Minerals Clay minerals are hydrous (water) aluminum phyllosilicates (sheet silicates) Clay minerals are made of three basic building blocks: Plus assorted positive ions that bond these sheets together, mostly hydrogen (protons), potassium, iron, and magnesium. Through these interactions, clay minerals contribute to soil functions and the delivery of soil ecosystem services. In: R. Lal (Ed. Structure of Minerals •Crystal structure -Regular, geometric, smooth faces -Orderly arrangements with repeating structures -Each mineral always forms the same crystal shape -Six basic crystal shapes -Crystallographic axes are used to determine structure Porous structure formation behavior depends on the crystal structure of clay minerals. Chemical composition of clay minerals and...) /Dest [ 10 0 R /XYZ null 357 null ] /Parent 894 0 R >> endobj 896 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 10 0 R /Fit ] >> endobj 897 0 obj << /Title (FIGURES) /A 898 0 R /Count 4 /First 899 0 R /Last 900 0 R /Next 894 0 R /Prev 901 0 R /Parent 892 0 R >> endobj 898 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 1 0 R /Fit ] >> endobj 899 0 obj << /Title (Figure 1. The unshared vertex from the tetrahedral sheet also forms part of one side of the octahedral sheet, but an additional oxygen atom is located above the gap in the tetrahedral sheet at the center of the six tetrahedra. harvnb error: no target: CITEREFDawkins1996 (, "Formation and Occurrence of Clay Minerals", "Summary of recommendations of AIPEA nomenclature committee on clay minerals", "Rediscovering polarized light microscopy", "Clays on Mars: More plentiful than expected", "The surface composition of Ceres: Discovery of carbonates and iron-rich clays", "Clay-Like Minerals Found on Icy Crust of Europa", "NASA Rover Finds Conditions Once Suited for Ancient Life on Mars", "Mars Could Once Have Supported Life: What You Need to Know", "Mars Could Once Have Supported Life, NASA Says", "Clay-armored bubbles may have formed first protocells", "Advanced Techniques of Saponite Recovery from Diamond Processing Plant Water and Areas of Saponite Application", "Reutilization Prospects of Diamond Clay Tailings at the Lomonosov Mine, Northwestern Russia", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clay_mineral&oldid=1052949793, Articles with imported freely licensed text, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, End. These are further separated into five groups that differ with respect to their net charge (Table 2). This comprehensive book includes introductory mineralogy, surface chemistry, mineral equilibria, soil organic matter, and mineral occurrence, as well as the thorough treatment of all minerals you would expect from the series. Most pure clay minerals are white or light-coloured, but natural clays show a variety of colours from impurities, such as a reddish or brownish colour . Technical difficulties associated with small grain size preclude experimental measurement of single-crystal elastic moduli. These results of the 8-year field experiment suggest that soil mineral composition of the more intensely weathered PM of the studied Mollisols can change after agricultural restoration more quickly than previously known. They are important constituents of soils, and have been useful to humans since ancient times in agriculture and manufacturing. Although the exact mechanism of action has yet to be fully elucidated, upon administration, montmorillonite may adsorb . Intercalation is a general term to describe the movement of atoms, ions or molecules into a layered host structure, often a swelling clay mineral. The space that can be occupied by a cation in a tetrahedral site is smaller than the space that can be occupied in an octahedral site. Water is essential for clay mineral formation and most clay minerals are defined as hydrous alumino silicates. They are commonly defined by geologists as hydrous layer aluminosilicates with a particle size < 2 μm, while engineers and soil scientists define clay as any mineral particle < 4 μm. ;j]PV?0M:-KB?<5@YLHIQS@AI599NGCM2K@9RPCGXCOpj|^>pE=J27O=5cL. Found inside – Page 2The clay minerals on the crystalline side are involved in phyllosilicates having layer-structures or layer-ribbonstructures. The basic configuration of the layer-structure can be described in terms of planes, sheets, layers, interlayers ... Some swell easily and may double in thickness when wet. . This oxygen atom is bonded to a hydrogen atom forming an OH group in the clay structure. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Kaolinite: The most prominent member of the 1: 1 type of clay minerals is kaolinite, in which one silica tetrahedral layer is […] 900–975° Sharp, Same as kaolinite but 600 peak slope ratio > 2.5, Same as kaolinite but 600° peak slope ratio > 2.5, End. The final chapter presents the results of X-ray analysis of soil colloids by a modified salted paste method. This volume will be of value to earth scientists, mineralogists, and those interested in clays. 500–660° + Sharp* Exo. Progress in Polymer Science, 51, 127–187. MINERALOGY AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CLAY MI...) /Dest [ 889 0 R /XYZ null 769 null ] /Parent 890 0 R /First 892 0 R /Last 892 0 R /Count 16 >> endobj 892 0 obj << /Title (Anne Sturz, Mika Itoh, and Susan Smith) /Dest [ 889 0 R /XYZ null 732 null ] /Parent 891 0 R /First 893 0 R /Last 894 0 R /Count 15 >> endobj 893 0 obj << /Title (ABSTRACT) /Dest [ 889 0 R /XYZ null 682 null ] /Parent 892 0 R /Next 907 0 R >> endobj 894 0 obj << /Title (TABLES) /Count 1 /Last 895 0 R /First 895 0 R /A 896 0 R /Prev 897 0 R /Parent 892 0 R >> endobj 895 0 obj << /Title (Table 1. International Clay Conference 1978, Proceedings of the VI International Clay Conference 1978, organized by the Clay Minerals Group, Mineralogical Society, London, under the auspices of Association Internationale pour l'Etude des Argiles. The concluding chapters examine the viscometric constants of suspension, stabilization mechanism, and random growth of certain clay minerals. This book will be of value to geologists, mineralogists, and researchers in the field. Palygorskite-Sepiolite The mineralogy, charge characteristics, and CEC of several clay minerals are presented in Table 1. Since cations vary in size, smaller cations tend to occur in tetrahedral sites, somewhat larger cations tend to occur in octahedral sites, and the largest cations must fit into spaces that are even larger than octahedral sites. Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on the Application of Natural Microporous Materials for Environmental Technology, Smolenice Castle, Slovakia, 26-30 October 1998 [31] Electrochemical separation helps to obtain modified saponite-containing products with high smectite-group minerals concentrations, lower mineral particles size, more compact structure, and greater surface area. Clay mineralogy is the science dealing with the structure of clay minerals on microscopic, molecular, and atomic scale. Concepts of the composition of clay materials; Classification and nomenclature of the clay minerals; Structure of the clay minerals; X-ray diffraction data; Shape and size - electron micrographs; Ion exchange; Clay-water system; Dehydration ... The tetrahedral and octahedral sheets in a layer of a kaolinite crystal are Chlorite group includes a wide variety of similar minerals with considerable chemical variation. In the literature, a nontronite clay-coated screen printed carbon electrode was developed for determination of amitrole by flow injection analysis. Clays develop plasticity when wet, due to a molecular film of water surrounding the clay particles, but become hard, brittle and non-plastic upon drying or firing. [26] A model for the origin of life using clay was forwarded by Alexander Cairns-Smith in 1985 and explored as a plausible mechanism by several scientists. Similarly, a metal cation is at the center and six O2− are in the corners. Note that commas are not used after surnames, & is used rather than "and". This leads to a tetrahedral - octahedral (T-O) structure, where each T-O layer is bonded to the top (or bottom) of another T-O layer by Van der Waals bonds. These characteristics open possibilities for the manufacture of high-quality ceramics and heavy-metal sorbents from saponite-containing products. 6. [19], In clays, the tetrahedral sheets are always bonded to octahedral sheets formed from small cations, such as aluminum or magnesium, and coordinated by six oxygen atoms. Minerals appearing in clays generally have layer lattice structures formed from (1) uncharged layers with hydroxyl ions on both surfaces, (2) hydroxyl ions on one surface and oxygen ions on the other, (3) oxygen ions on both surfaces; (4) charged layers with oxygen ions on both surfaces; or (5) two types of layers, one with hydroxyl ions on both surfaces and the other with oxygen ions on both . The ultimate degradation products are NH4+ and hydrocarbon derivatives (e.g., alcohols). Madison, WI: Soil Science Society of America, with permission.). They are known as hydrous phyllosilicate having silica, alumina and water with variable amount of inorganic ions like Mg2+, Na+, Ca2+ which are found . Layer silicate clay minerals also possess variable charge located at the broken edges of clay minerals. [28], The structural and compositional versatility of clay minerals gives them interesting biological properties. 1 Topic 3: Clay Mineralogy Hassan Z. Harraz hharraz2006@yahoo.com 2013- 2014 2. In: Dixon JB and Schulze DG (eds) Soil Mineralogy with Environmental Applications, pp. Clay minerals. Interlayer cations determine whether smectite clays are restricted to crystalline swelling or capable of free swelling. [14], Clay minerals are common weathering products (including weathering of feldspar) and low-temperature hydrothermal alteration products. Their small size and large ratio of surface area to volume gives clay minerals a set of unique properties, including high cation exchange capacities, catalytic properties, and plastic behaviour when moist. Clay particles are smaller than 2 micron (2 x 10-3 mm), and because this is about twice the way length of light, such particles can only be seen with an electron This book offers a perspective of unsaturated soils based on recent research and demonstrates how this dovetails with the general discipline of soil mechanics. The exchange of ions between the solution and the clay minerals does not affect the crystal structure because the exchangeable ions are held around the outside of the clay mineral structural unit. (Adapted from Schulze DG (2002) An introduction to soil mineralogy. This is a typical reference to a book. The layers of the 1:1-type minerals are made up of one tetrahedral (silica) sheet combined with one octahedral (alumina) sheet. This book presents the state-of-the-art results of characterization of clays, clay minerals and ceramic materials based on clay minerals. The content and types of clay minerals in marine LMX shale and continental ZLJ shale are quite different, resulting in different effects of clay minerals on pore structure and fractal dimension of marine and continental shale. Table 1. Mixed layer clay minerals which are perfect R1 types often get their own names. Kaolinite is a widespread, 1:1 clay mineral with low CEC (1–10 cmolc kg−1), low surface area (20–50 m2 g−1), and low colloidal activity. This book complements the succinct introductions to these methods described in the original Handbook of Clay Science (Volumes 1, 1st Edition and 5B, 2nd Edition), offering greater depth and featuring the most important literature since the ... Oxygen is shared by a series of octahedrons to form octahedral sheet (Alamgir, 2016; Obaje, Omada, & Dambatta, 2013; Selim, 2013). These data emphasize that low water content (e.g., air dry) is a key factor for significant abiotic degradation of QACs. The oxidation state is also a property that can be changed in situ, so an understanding of the controlling . CLAY MINERAL CLASSIFICATION Clay minerals are generally classified into three layer types based upon the number and arrangement of tetrahedral and octahedral sheets in their basic structure. Hydrochloric acid removed iron oxide coatings from soil clay minerals, but acetic acid did not remove them completely. This edition pays particular attention to integrating the mineralogy of soils and features a new chapter on disorder and polytypes. A typical particle of montmorillonite mineral clay is of 0.001-0.01 µm (or 0.000001 - 0.00001 mm) thickness. Having the general formula Y 12 Z 8 O 20 (OH) 16, chlorite displays a wide variety of compositional variationdisplays a wide variety of compositional variation. The word Phyllon in the Greek means leaf and thus the silicate minerals having leaf or sheet-like structure with thickness considerably smaller . Clay minerals in soils belong to phyllosilicates group of minerals, which in turn belong to silicate minerals. Physical features. Literature articles will refer to an R1 ordered illite-smectite, for example. q The centers of the six O2− ions form the apices of a regular octahedron, and the small space in the center is called an ‘octahedral site.’ Cations located in the octahedral site are said to be in sixfold or octahedral coordination because they are surrounded by and bonded to six O2− ions. q 1 1 509 61 re W n 1 0 0 1 1 -1 cm q 0.7662 0 0 0.7662 255.5 31.5 cm /FRM Do Q Q endstream endobj 915 0 obj << /Length 65 /Type /XObject /Subtype /Form /BBox [ 41 358 572 435 ] /FormType 1 /Matrix [ 1 0 0 1 -306.5 -396.5 ] /Name /FRM /Resources 916 0 R >> stream Crystal Structures of Clay Minerals. This review provides an overview of the interactions between bacteria, fungi and clay minerals, considers some important gaps in current knowledge, and indicates perspectives for future research. However, the soil organic matter–mineral association did not affect transformation between illite and vermiculite or smectite. Based on their layered structure, clay minerals can be classified into three main categories: (1) 1:1-type clay mineral is made up of one tetrahedral and one octahedral sheet per each clay layer (e.g., kaolinite, serpentine, and halloysite), (2) 2:1 clay mineral is composed of one octahedral sheet sandwiched between two tetrahedral sheets (e.g., montmorillonite, bentonite, laponite, micas (Mica is a generic term used for a group of complex aluminosilicate), talc, vermiculite, saponite, hectorite, sepiolite, and illite), and (3) 2:1:1 clays are consisted of a succession of the octahedral sheets close to a 2:1 layer (e.g., cloisite). [9] Ordering is described as a random or regular order and is further described by the term reichweite, which is German for range or reach. Clay minerals form in the presence of water[1] and have been important to life, and many theories of abiogenesis involve them. Vol. They can also form conductive surfaces. Different clay minerals were identified this way at two sites, 'Yellowknife Bay' and 'Murray Buttes' Therefore, in the present study, the internal pore space of various clay groups is investigated by manually segmenting Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images. A 1:1 clay would consist of one tetrahedral sheet and one octahedral sheet, and examples would be kaolinite and serpentinite. of ferromagneian minerals in igneous rocks, and together with clay mienrals in argillaceous sediments. They can adsorb microbial cells, exudates, and enzymes, organic and inorganic chemical species, nutrients, and contaminants, and stabilize soil organic matter. The charges at the clay surface apparently arise from three (or more) mechanisms. They usually consist of planar crystals with a particle size of less than 2 µm. Clays and Clay Minerals documents the proceedings of the 14th National Conference in Berkeley, California. This book focuses on the structure and quantitative analysis, surface reactivity, genesis, and synthesis of clays and clay minerals. 2013-07-08. They reversibly bind ions, particularly metal cations. vN^§Ve*K'jFR5`13bI9}aB~]^BfA*-/0<3. Ferripyrophyllite was formed in three of four experiments. Thus, clays may be composed of mixtures of finer grained clay minerals and clay-sized crystals of other minerals such as quartz, carbonate, and metal oxides. Conversely, montmorillonite, the dominant clay in soils from semiarid regions, belongs to the 2:1 clay mineral category, has a high CEC (80–120 cmolc kg−1), high surface area (800 m2 g−1) and high colloidal activity. These properties result from the structure of clay minerals. The second structural feature consists of six closely packed O2− ions. 6. [19], Bonding between the tetrahedral and octahedral sheets requires that the tetrahedral sheet becomes corrugated or twisted, causing ditrigonal distortion to the hexagonal array, and the octahedral sheet is flattened. Structures of layer silicates; order-disorder in clay mineral structures; interlayer and intercalation complexes of clay minerals; interstratified clay minerals; X-ray diffraction procedures for clay mineral identification; associated ... BX /GS1 gs EX Figure 1. In: R. Lal (Ed. This is a complete and authoritative reference text on an evolving field. Cations with sizes intermediate between the optimum for two sites can occur in either site. Lin Zhang, ... Zhen Li, in Advances in Applied Microbiology, 2021. The octahedral sheet is comprised of closely packed oxygens and hydroxyls in which aluminum, iron, and magnesium atoms are arranged in octahedral coordination ().When aluminum with a positive valence of three is the cation present in the octahedral sheet, only two-thirds of the . 4.2C (Dayal & Varma, 2017; Kodama & Grim, 2018). CONCLUDING REMARKS • Based on their layered structure, clay minerals can be categorized as types 1:1 or 2:1 • X-ray diffraction is the basic tool for clay mineral identification • Clays alone form an entire world in which geologists, mineralogists, agriculturist, petroleum engineers, chemists find extraordinary subjects for research. 27, Issue. Vermiculite with high CEC (120–150 cmolc kg−1) and intermediate surface area and illite with intermediate CEC (20–40 cmolc kg−1) and intermediate surface area are clay minerals with low-to-intermediate colloidal activity. The co-occurrence of several clay mineral types is an expected consequence to the mechanism of clay mineral formation and transformation. The layer silicates considered here contain continuous two-dimensional tetrahedral sheets of composition T 2 O 5, (T = tetrahedral cation, normally Si, Al, or Fe 3+), in which individual tetrahedra are linked with neighboring tetrahedra by sharing three corners each (the basal oxygens . For a detailed listing of applications see Table 2.1. The colloidal activities of the clay minerals depend on their specific surface area (meters squared per gram) and the charge density expressed by their cation exchange capacity (CEC, in centimoles of cation charge per kilogram) divided by their specific surface area. This minimizes the overall bond-valence distortions of the crystallite. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. A 2:1 clay consists of an octahedral sheet sandwiched between two tetrahedral sheets, and examples are talc, vermiculite, and montmorillonite. The resulting structure is an " intercalated structure " . The layered structure of clay minerals produces large elastic anisotropy due to the presence of strong covalent bonds within layers and weaker electrostatic bonds in between. The crystallographic structure of clay minerals became better understood in the 1930s with advancements in the x-ray diffraction (XRD) technique indispensable to decipher their crystal lattice. endstream endobj 916 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /ImageC ] /XObject << /Im1 918 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 917 0 R >> >> endobj 917 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /SA false /OP false /HT /Default >> endobj 918 0 obj << /Type /XObject /Subtype /Image /Name /Im1 /Width 530 /Height 76 /BitsPerComponent 8 /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB /Length 120842 >> stream (3) it is a soil textural class. Download : Download high-res image (362KB) Download : Download full-size image; Fig. Clay minerals are usually characterized by a layered structure including tetrahedral silicon (Si) sheet(s) and octahedral aluminum (Al) sheet(s) (Barbas, 2013). Illite - also includes glauconite (a green clay sand) and are the commonest Nontronite clay includes a high iron content and various compounds can be analyzed with it (Fitch, 1990; Carter and Bard, 1987; Zen and Lo, 1996; Zen et al., 1996a,b, 1998). [2][3][4] It is a very common material,[5] and is the oldest known ceramic. aration process was repeated until a pure clay-mineral separate was achieved. Y.-L. Liu, ... S.A. Banwart, in Advances in Agronomy, 2017. The name bementite, sometimes used for the former mineral, has priority for a Mn-rich mineral that belongs to the friedelite group of minerals and is not a layer silicate (Kato, 1963). This type would be ordered in an illite-smectite-illite-smectite (ISIS) fashion. Clay minerals such as kaolinite, smectite, chlorite, micas are main components of raw materials of clay and formed in presence of water. Therefore, clay minerals can be also called phyllosilicate. The interlayered mineral I-Sm is the most studied among mixed-layer clay species.
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