Rhinoplasty is one of the surgical practices that has become more common in the modern era. Read more now! The book contains an unprecedented collection of full-color photographs of fresh cadaver sections, anatomical illustrations, and actual patient photographs. Results the presence of the alar cartilage, the lateral dorsal and The bony support of the nose and the nasal cavity lateral ventral cartilages and the lateral and medial ac- was formed dorsally by the nasal bones, laterally by the cessory nasal cartilages. Hyaline cartilage is found on many joint surfaces. Difficulty in rhinoplasty takes two forms: the aesthetic and the technical. The nasal septum is supported by two bones, the ethmoid bone on top and the vomer bone sitting behind the cartilage and ethmoid bone. Illustration of nostril, mouth, palate - 110491486 The septum in your nose is composed of cartilage and bones. The surface of hyaline cartilage is smooth. Hyaline cartilage is covered externally by a fibrous membrane, called the perichondrium, except at the articular ends of bones; it also occurs under the skin (for instance, ears and nose). The part that moves is cartilage and the strong part is the os nasale. These cells have generally straight outlines where they are in contact with each other, with the rest of their circumference rounded. Features: A separate chapter on each clinical problem to help the reader rapidly locate topics of interest Expert guidance on how to manage critical steps and complications Insights into the philosophy and personal experiences of leading ... The tip of the nose is made of a pair of cartilages called the Alar Cartilages. Cartilage is a flexible connective tissue that differs from bone in several ways. This large passage-way is framed and supported by several bones and cartilages. The two nostrils are separated by the septum, which is made of cartilage covered by membrane. Get the BIG PICTURE of Gross Anatomy in the context of healthcare – and zero-in on what you really need to know to ace the course and board exams! Your nose anatomy includes: Bone: The hard bridge at the top of your nose is made of bone. Over the last few years, surgeons and scientists have elaborated a series of cartilage repair procedures that help to postpone the need for joint replacement. Clinics in Plastic Surgery updates surgeons on the latest trends in patient management, providing a sound basis for choosing treatment options. Respiratory issues usually occur in more severe cases, requiring surgery to repair. Elastic cartilage is found in the epiglottis (part of the larynx) and the pinnae (the external ear flaps of many mammals, including humans). Then they move those particles toward your nostrils, where they … It persists in human adults at the ends of bones in free-moving joints as articular cartilage, at the ends of the ribs, and in the nose, larynx, trachea, and bronchi. It persists in human adults at the ends of bones in free-moving joints as articular cartilage, at the ends of the ribs, and in the nose, larynx, trachea, and bronchi. In dogs, the pinnae are mobile and can move independently of each other. Cartilage from other areas of the body (such as the ribs) or synthetic materials can be surgically grafted onto the nasal cartilage to fill out the nose. The nose is the body's primary organ of smell and also functions as part of the body's respiratory system. The vomeronasal cartilage is another small component of the nose that provides strength and structure. Found inside – Page 18Head and neuroanatomy Michael Schünke, Erik Schulte, Udo Schumacher, Lawrence M. Ross, Edward D. Lamperti. 1.9 Nose : Nasal Skeleton Glabella Major alar cartilage , lateral crus Major alar cartilage , medial crus Nasal bone Frontal ... ANATOMY OF EAR 3. There are three types of cartilage: hyaline, fibrous, and elastic cartilage. Anatomy What are the parts of your nose? Three main types of cartilage can be distinguished. The nasal cartilages, which form part of the skeleton of the nose, are also of hyaline type. Cartilage has almost no blood supply so doesn't repair itself. The LibreTexts libraries are Powered by MindTouch® and are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Elastic cartilage is histologically similar to hyaline cartilage but contains many yellow elastic fibers lying in a solid matrix. Its symptoms include pain on the bridge of the nose that hurts to touch, and on other parts of the face like the eyes and cheeks, nasal congestion, excess mucus, and fever. [3] The septal nasal cartilage fits in a place between the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid and vomer bones while also being covered by an internal mucous membrane. Unless otherwise noted, LibreTexts content is licensed by CC BY-NC-SA 3.0. Cartilage is a connective tissue found in various parts adult skeleton including all joints between bones and structures which is deformable as well as strong e.g. The frontal anatomy of the nose consists of glabella, nasion, tip defining points and alar sidewalls of the nose. Anatomy of the Nose. Cartilage is a flexible connective tissue that differs from bone in several ways. Articular cartilage is, as the name suggests, cartilage – the same tough but flexible substance that makes up our noses and ears. Hi mimi86uk1, While side view photos are not enough for proper evaluation, generally, we also have to confirm that your existing anatomy is not abnormal or that your nasal septum is not deviated to begin with, before we conclude that it is the rib cartilage that warped and caused the crookedness. An important review of the clinical anatomy of the nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses is presented by Professor Lang. This text covers developmental anatomy, the thorax, the central nervous system, and the head and neck with an emphasis on the practical application of anatomical knowledge. clinicians examining the eye will ask the patient to look toward the bridge of the nose to test the function of this muscle: inferior pharyngeal constrictor: oblique line of the thyroid cartilage, lateral surface of cricoid cartilage: midline pharyngeal raphe: constricts pharyngeal cavity The pinna is shaped to capture sound waves and funnel them through the ear canal to the eardrum. The base substance of cartilage is chondroitin sulfate, and the microarchitecture is substantially less organized than in bone. Universality, so that norms, their work on olfaction. Tis is indicative of how the science of staging systems, etc., can be applied anywhere in the world with rhinology is only now coming into its own. For quite some time, equal validity. If a thin slice of cartilage is examined under the microscope, it will be found to consist of cells of a rounded or bluntly angular form, lying in groups of two or more in a granular or almost homogeneous matrix. Pharynx Anatomy. Parts of the skeleton form during the first few weeks after conception.By the end of the eighth week after conception, the skeletal pattern is formed in cartilage and connective tissue membranes and ossification begins. Larynx (anterior view) The larynx is a complex hollow structure located in the anterior midline region of the neck.It is anterior to the esophagus and at the level of the third to the sixth cervical vertebrae in its normal position. Skeletal Structure. 1/4"(6mm): Common Length for Most Healed Ear Cartilage Piercings (Helix, Conch, Tragus, Earlobe) and Nose Piercings 5/16"(8mm): Common Length for Most Monroe, Medusa, Cheek, Labret, and Lip Piercings for Women (3/8" for Men) Most Popular Stone Size for Triple Forward Helix Earring: 2.0mm, 2.5mm, and 3mm Standard 18 Gauge (Fits from 16G to 20G) Triangular-shaped projection in the center of the face. Read more now! Both strong and flexible, it is found in the rib cage and nose and covers bones where they meet to form moveable joints. The SAC procedure is completed within two to three minutes. Other structures inside and behind the nose help you breathe. The saddle nose deformity occurs primarily as a result of nasal trauma; whereby septal support to the nose is lost, and subsequently the middle part of the nose appears sunken. Anatomy What are the parts of your nose? However, due to the extremely slow growth of cartilage and its avascular properties, regeneration and growth of cartilage post-injury is still very slow. [6] The nasal valve is the smallest airway within the nose and is a common site for obstruction. Pharynx Anatomy. At the ends of bones, cartilage provides cushioning and flexibility, allowing bones to slide past each other and permitting movement. Nevertheless, there are certain issues regarding its use on nasal dorsum, especially its variable resorption rate and risk of graft distortion or migration, especiall … The nasal cavity is a roughly cylindrical, midline airway passage that extends from the nasal ala anteriorly to the choana posteriorly. Differentiate among the types of cartilage. With the formation of the medial and lateral walls within the nares, the major alar cartilages function to hold open each naris. Hyaline cartilage is the most widespread and is the type that makes up the embryonic skeleton. Aesthetic Rhinoplasty has earned a special place among the important texts in plastic surgery. In response to innumerable requests, a limited edition of this exceptional two-volume set has been published at a special value. Chondrocytes rely on diffusion to obtain nutrients as, unlike bone, cartilage is avascular, meaning there are no vessels to carry blood to cartilage tissue. This open rhinoplastic procedure allows the nose to heal to an optimal position without the permanent use of man-made hardware. A surgical procedure to correct this issue is called septoplasty. This temporary cartilage is gradually replaced by bone (endochondral ossification), a process that ends at puberty. Chondrification (also known as chondrogenesis) is the process by which cartilage is formed from condensed mesenchyme tissue. The volume begins with an outline of the macromorphoscopic dataset, its history, recent modifications to the historical approach, and recent technological and analytical advances. The superior portion of the lateral nasal cartilage fuses with the septum to provide support within the nasal cavities. [11] With a crooked septum, it is more difficult for an individual to breathe and the risk for getting a sinus infection increases. hyaline cartilage: A type of cartilage found on many joint surfaces; it contains no nerves or blood vessels, and its structure is relatively simple. ... aveoli, and the nose. ECM of the Hyaline Cartilage. ), "Endonasal Repositioning of the Upper Lateral Cartilage and the Internal Nasal Valve", "Sliding Alar Cartilage (SAC) Flap: A New Technique for Nasal Tip Surgery", "The Modified Sliding Alar Cartilage Flap: A Novel Way to Preserve the Internal Nasal Valve as Illustrated by Three-Dimensional Modeling", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nasal_cartilages&oldid=1026977423, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 5 June 2021, at 10:00. Cartilage is a flexible connective tissue that differs from bone in several ways; it is avascular and its microarchitecture is less organized than bone. The cricoid cartilage is also known as the cricoid ring or signet ring as it is the only cartilage to encircle the trachea completely. White fibrocartilage consists of a mixture of white fibrous tissue and cartilaginous tissue in various proportions. 2), and in Figure 3 the cross section is shown. Embedded in this are one or two round nuclei with the usual intranuclear network. These include marrow stimulation techniques, including surgeries, stem cell injections, and grafting of cartilage into damaged areas. Fibrous cartilage has many collagen fibers and is found in the intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis. Cartilage is found throughout the human body in areas such as the joints, nose, airway, intervertebral discs of the spine, and the ear. [1] It is divided in the midline by the nasal septum. On each side, it is flanked by the maxillary sinuses and roofed by the frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid sinuses in an anterior to posterior fashion. It provides air for respiration, serves the sense of smell, conditions the air by filtering, warming, and moistening it, and cleans itself of foreign debris extracted from inhalations.. It has the shape of a "signet ring," with a broad portion posterior to the airway (lamina of cricoid cartilage) and a narrower portion circling anteriorly (arch of cricoid cartilage). This book represents the author’s view of how to approach nasal tip deformities, and how to arrive at an algorithm in putting together various surgical techniques in a “sequence” to achieve meaningful results. The skeletal system plays an important roles in maintaining homeostasis in organisms. Other medical procedures that reshape the greater alar cartilages use grafts or cartilage re-sectioning. While there are other procedures to strengthen the greater alar cartilage, the SAC procedure is gaining momentum into common rhinoplastic operations. The upper lateral cartilage repositioning procedure is done to move the lateral nasal cartilage from blocking the nasal valve. The degree to which one nasal shape can be shaped into a different nasal shape is determined by the underlying bone and cartilage structure of a person’s nose. The surface anatomy of the nose can be divided into four classes. ... aveoli, and the nose. Hyaline cartilage is found on many joint surfaces. It is one of the three types of cartilage; the other two types are elastic cartilage and fibrocartilage. This small, trapezoidal bone serves as part of the nasal septum, which is the middle wall of the nasal respiratory cavity. Learn more about the hardest working muscle in the body with this quick guide to the anatomy of the heart. Chondrocytes lie between the fibers. Bone and cartilage are types of connective tissues in the body. Hyaline cartilage is covered externally by a fibrous membrane, called the perichondrium, except at the articular ends of bones; it also occurs under the skin (for instance, ears and nose). Two chambers divided by the septum. Featuring over 400 photographs and drawings, this methodically-organized manual guides the reader step by step through a nasal dissection and takes the user through every rhinoplasty approach, both open and closed. • The anatomy of the nose is poorly defined, even in standard anatomical texts. Elastic cartilage is springy, yellow, and elastic and is found in the internal support of the external ear and in the epiglottis. Hyaline cartilage is the most widespread and is the type that makes up the embryonic skeleton. Parallel collagen fiber matrix, chondrocytes in lacunae, no perichondrium. Anatomy of the Nose The External Nose. Once damaged, cartilage has limited repair capabilities because chondrocytes are bound in lacunae and cannot migrate to damaged areas. The nose is the body's primary organ of smell and also functions as part of the body's respiratory system. Hyaline cartilage is found on many joint surfaces. The degree to which one nasal shape can be shaped into a different nasal shape is determined by the underlying bone and cartilage structure of a person’s nose. Supporting the arched roof of the cavity are the frontal bone, sphenoid bone, cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone and nasal bones. Hair and cilia: Hair and cilia (tiny, hairlike structures) inside your nose trap dirt and particles. 1.1 ). The human nose is the most protruding part of the face.It bears the nostrils and is the first organ of the respiratory system.It is also the principal organ in the olfactory system.The shape of the nose is determined by the nasal bones and the nasal cartilages, including the nasal septum which separates the nostrils and divides the nasal cavity into two. It varies from person to person, like height. This is the correct placement. It consists of the following three elements: cells, fibers, and a ground substance (or extracellular matrix). The bone and cartilage under the skin give the nose most of its size and shape. Cartilage is a robust and viscoelastic connective tissue that can be found in joints between bones, the rib cage, intervertebral discs, the ear, and the nose.While more rigid and less flexible than muscle, cartilage is not as stiff as bone. Developed from the authors' vast teaching and clinical experience, here is the first book in nearly two decades to fully cover the functional reconstructive aspects of nasal surgery. Hyaline Cartilage. hyaline cartilage: A type of cartilage found on many joint surfaces; it contains no nerves or blood vessels, and its structure is relatively simple. nose, the prominent structure between the eyes that serves as the entrance to the respiratory tract and contains the olfactory organ. Hyaline Cartilage Definition. The septal nasal cartilage separates both right and left nasal cavities, which allows air to pass through them. Chondrocytes lie between the fibers. These properties allow cartilage to serve as a support structure for holding tubes open or for proper locomotion. The external part of the nose has a triangular or pyramidal shape, with the highest point … Its matrix appears transparent or glassy when viewed under a microscope. The upper lateral cartilage repositioning technique deploys a temporary stint that repositions the lateral nasal cartilage, lets it heal/be stationary due to scar tissue formation, then is removed. The book emphasizes the restoration of nasal defects-from simple to complex-and achieving normal appearance and function. Also called a deviated septum, a crooked nose will block one or both sides of the nose, affecting the quality of life. [11] Surgery is also permitted to individuals that seek cosmetic changes due to moderate cases of a deviated septum. The nose is made up of: External meatus. These risks include a change in the shape of the nose, excessive bleeding, vacant space in the septum, trouble smelling, blood clots that need to be removed, and numbness by the facial region. In the embryo, bones form first as hyaline cartilage before ossifying as development progresses. The chondroblasts then trap themselves in lacunae, small spaces that are no longer in contact with the newly created matrix and contain extracellular fluid. In contrast, the cartilage in the joints remains permanently unossified during life. Chondrocytes are first chondroblast cells that produce the collagen extracellular matrix (ECM) and then get caught in the matrix. Until now, sonography of the nasal cartilage has not been described. This book is designed to provide all the information required for a sound understanding of diseases of the nose and paranasal sinuses and the surgical techniques used in their management. External nostrils. There are three major types of cartilage: hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage. Check out our new LibreCommons search portal. Rhinoplasty, which is the surgical reconstruction of the nose, has increased in recent popularity for functional and social purposes. Nasal Anatomy: Knowing The Parts of Your Nose Prior To Rhinoplasty With novel approaches to the application of new technologies via research based studies on stem cells, tissue engineering and new fields of reconstructive transplant (face, hand or larynx transplants), this book facilitates access to this ... It is made up of medial crura of alar cartilages joined together by fibrous tissue and covered on either side by skin. This procedure is just one way to resolve issues involving lateral nasal cartilage deformities. This three-volume set also includes seven DVDs with 24 operative videos. Comprehensive Coverage 93 chapters in three volumes cover the full range of cosmetic medical treatments and aesthetic operations. Hyaline cartilage is the most widespread cartilage type and, in adults, it forms the articular surfaces of long bones, the rib tips, the rings of the trachea, and parts of the skull. At the ends of bones, cartilage provides cushioning and flexibility, allowing bones to slide past each other and permitting movement. Elastic cartilage has the most ECM; hyaline a middle amount; and fibrous cartilage has the least amount of ECM. At the very top of the nasal anatomy is the nasopharanx, which contains lymphoid tissue known as the adenoids. The nose’s exterior anatomy includes the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nerves, blood supply, and lymphatics. Learning the anatomy of the nose can … Providing two cavities generates turbulence within the tight spaces, allowing air to flow quicker bidirectionally. Grafts need to be used permanently due to the complications of removing such a device. Articular Cartilage. 6.2A: Structure, Type, and Location of Cartilage, [ "article:topic", "license:ccbysa", "showtoc:no" ], https://med.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fmed.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FAnatomy_and_Physiology%2FBook%253A_Anatomy_and_Physiology_(Boundless)%2F6%253A_Skeletal_System%2F6.2%253A_Cartilage%2F6.2A%253A_Structure_Type_and_Location_of_Cartilage, information contact us at info@libretexts.org, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Learning the anatomy of the nose can … They consist of translucent protoplasm in which fine interlacing filaments and minute granules are sometimes present. The main cell types in cartilage are chondrocytes, the ground substance is chondroitin sulfate, and the fibrous sheath is called perichondrium. Cartilage types: Images of microscopic views of the different types of cartilage: elastic, hyaline, and fibrous. The superior portion of the septal nasal cartilage attaches to the nasal bones, while the inferior portion attaches to the alar cartilages via fibrous tissues. Hyaline cartilage is found on many joint surfaces. Anatomy 7–9. The vomeronasal cartilage is a thin piece of hyaline cartilage that attaches to the vomer and extends to the septal nasal cartilage. The Nose. Articular Cartilage. The normal anatomy of the nose is shown in Figures 1-3: the various terms used for nasal structures and dimensions (Fig. 1), the cartilaginous components of the nose and terms for regions (Fig. However, there are some risks correlated with this surgical procedure. These condrogenic cells then differentiate to chondroblasts, which will then synthesize the cartilage ECM. This book is a concise guide to rhinoplasty for otolaryngologists and plastic surgeons. Beginning with an overview of nasal anatomy, and instruments and preoperative assessment, the text then describes basic techniques and incisions. It persists in human adults at the ends of bones in free-moving joints as articular cartilage, at the ends of the ribs, and in the nose, larynx, trachea, and… Cartilage: Hyaline cartilage showing chondrocytes and organelles, lacunae and matrix. temporal mandibular joint: A joint of the jaw that connects it to the temporal bones of the skull. Hyaline cartilage is covered externally by a fibrous membrane, called the perichondrium, except at the articular ends of bones; it also occurs under the skin (for instance, ears and nose). In dogs, the pinnae are mobile and can move independently of each other. Other structures inside and behind the nose help you breathe. Cartilage growth thus mainly refers to matrix deposition, but can include both growth and remodeling of the ECM. Bound-in DVD includes two complete cases discussed in chapters 8 to 10 of the text, with commentary and endoscopic videography! For one, the primary cell types are chondrocytes as opposed to osteocytes. Figure 3. Triangular-shaped projection in the center of the face. The cartilage at the tip of the nose is actually made up of five pieces that are connected by membranes. Articular cartilage function is dependent on the molecular composition of its ECM, which consists mainly of proteoglycans and collagens. The septal nasal cartilage is a flat, quadrilateral piece of hyaline cartilage that separates both nasal cavities from one another. The septal nasal cartilage is a flat, quadrilateral piece of hyaline cartilage that separates both nasal cavities from one another. The pinna is shaped to capture sound waves and funnel them through the ear canal to the eardrum. Bone Development & Growth. Hyaline cartilage is the most widespread type and resembles glass. The nasal cartilages are made up of a flexible material called hyaline cartilage (packed collagen) in the distal portion of the nose. The vertical structure located between the two nostrils that attaches the … In the embryo, bone begins as hyaline cartilage and later ossifies. connective tissue: A type of tissue found in animals whose main function is to bind other tissue systems (such as muscle to skin) or organs. The outer ear includes the pinna (the part you see that is made of cartilage and covered by skin, fur, or hair) and the ear canal. The division of cells within cartilage occurs very slowly. The extracellular matrix consists of ground substance (proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans) and associated fibers, such as collagen. These procedures aid in cosmetic as well as functional issues involving the nose. Three main types of cartilage can be distinguished. In the embryo, bones form first as hyaline cartilage before ossifying as development progresses. Its matrix appears transparent or glassy when viewed under a microscope. White fibrocartilage consists of a mixture of white fibrous tissue and cartilaginous tissue in various proportions. The sliding alar cartilage is a procedure to strengthen and support the nasal tip. Frontal view, anatomy of the nose. Cartilage is not innervated and therefore relies on diffusion to obtain nutrients. It consists of a cartilaginous skeleton connected by membranes, ligaments and associated muscles that suspend it from surrounding structures. This causes it to heal very slowly. These cells have generally straight outlines where they are in contact with each other, with the rest of their circumference rounded. The principal protein is elastin. The majority of body cartilage is synthesized from chondroblasts that are largely inactive at later developmental stages compared to earlier years (pre-pubescence). Embedded in this are one or two round nuclei with the usual intranuclear network. With a pliable structure composed primarily of water, this tissue type is also extremely tough. Other reconstruction procedures are being produced and tested as the knowledge for nasal cartilages increase. It has the shape of a "signet ring," with a broad portion posterior to the airway (lamina of cricoid cartilage) and a narrower portion circling anteriorly (arch of cricoid cartilage). It provides strong support while providing pads for shock absorption. This associated organ plays an important role in the sense of smell by being lined with similar epithelium to that of the olfactory region of the nose. Elastic cartilage is found in the epiglottis (part of the larynx) and the pinnae (the external ear flaps of many mammals, including humans). 2. Hair and cilia: Hair and cilia (tiny, hairlike structures) inside your nose trap dirt and particles. The orientation of the nasal cartilages can produce different shapes and sizes of the nostrils and nasal cavities. Remodeling of cartilage is predominantly affected by changes and rearrangements of the collagen matrix, which responds to tensile and compressive forces experienced by the cartilage. Hyaline cartilage is the most widespread cartilage type and, in adults, it forms the articular surfaces of long bones, the rib tips, the rings of the trachea, and parts of the skull. Anatomy of the Nose. The other two classes are the lateral and the oblique classes. The cartilage also gives … It provides air for respiration, serves the sense of smell, conditions the air by filtering, warming, and moistening it, and cleans itself of foreign debris extracted from inhalations.. ASSESMENT OF HEARING IN CHILDREN - DR.AKSHAY.B.K. Have questions or comments? Elastic or yellow cartilage contains elastic fiber networks and collagen fibers. [7] Superiorly, the major alar cartilages are connected to the lateral nasal cartilage via fibrous tissues. Located in the center of the nasal cavity, the vomer is a thin, unpaired bone of the face and skull (cranium). Anatomy of the Nose. Skeletal Structure. Cartilage is found throughout the human body in areas such as the joints, nose, airway, intervertebral discs of the spine, and the ear. Anatomy. This book will enable surgeons to enhance the appearance of the nose in a way that is fully consistent with the other facial features of Asians. Function & structure , nasal framework , nasal cartilage , internal nose , nasal cavity , maxillary sinus . The terms osteogenesis and ossification are often used synonymously to indicate the process of bone formation. Cartilage is a semi-rigid but flexible avascular connective tissue found at various sites within the body. Definition. the elbows, knees, and ankles, ends of the ribs, Between the vertebrae in the spine, ears, and nose, Bronchial tubes or airways. Because this is the anatomy where the septum needs to be pierced, it ends up high and tight to the front of the nose. Learning the anatomy of the nose can assist you in understanding how the nose works. These fibers form bundles that appear dark under a microscope. Figure 3. For the most part, animals contain similar cartilage structures within the nose but vary in the number of different cartilage structures they have. Anatomy of the Nostrils. It sits in the inferior part of the larynx, at the level of C6 vertebra, and has two parts: the anterior part also called the arch, and the posterior portion, much wider than the anterior, referred to as the lamina.
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