Mother education has significant relation with reducing stunting; increasing mother education reduces stunting status of children because the educated mothers have more knowledge related to child health, nutrition and usage of health services [41]. The Global Hunger Index (2020) — which is calculated on the basis of total undernourishment of the population, child stunting, wasting and child mortality — places India at the 94 th spot among 107 countries. Many cases of acute malnutrition become severe and complicated due to delays in case detection and presentation at health facilities. We are grateful as it shines a light on the importance of the right to food," said Chris Kaye, Representative and Country Director WFP Pakistan. One of them is Mukesh, a frail . Health Place 13(1):205–223, Garcia S, Sarmiento OL, Forde I, Velasco T (2013) Socio-economic inequalities in malnutrition among children and adolescents in Colombia: the role of individual-, household-and community-level characteristics. Ann Trop Med Public Health 10(5):1147, Mosiur, R., Golam, M., & Nasrin, S. O. Nearly 13 per cent of children between the ages of two and five years suffer from some form of functional disability. A two-day national conference to step up action on malnutrition brought together parliamentarians, government officials, donors, academics and civil society organizations in Islamabad. The current survey shows four percent decrease since the last survey conducted in 2011, and that nearly two out of every 10 children under five also suffer from wasting. Econ J 75:493–517, Behrman JR, Deolalikar AB (1989) Agricultural wages in India: the role of health, nutrition, and seasonality. Lastly, Multan has the highest frequency of stunting, wasting and underweight in Punjab rather than other populated cities of Punjab such as Lahore, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi and Gujranwala [30]. In doing this, it pinpoints and prioritizes key actions to amplify our efforts and propel progress towards ending malnutrition in all its forms. Managing malnutrition in the community settings involves identifying malnutrition using a universally validated screening tool and implementing appropriate interventions according to the degree of malnutrition. © 2021 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. In developing countries like Pakistan, child malnutrition is emerging as foremost public issues. There are different methods for the measurement of under nutrition as explained in Fig. Aida Girma, UNICEF Representative in Pakistan, said that the National Nutrition Survey 2018 is a wake-up call to a clear and present emergency. Women of reproductive age in Pakistan also bear a triple burden of malnutrition. J Pak Med Assoc 66(10):1243. Springer Nature. Nearly 10 million Pakistani children suffer from stunting. The percentage of people under poverty in Pakistan in 2018 is 31.3%. The number of young children admitted to hospital suffering from severe malnutrition in Ethiopia's war-hit Tigray region has doubled this year over 2020, the UN has said, as escalating fighting threatens to further hamper the aid response. This means that women suffer the double deprivation of gender disparity and low achievement 4. It is also true that children born to malnourished mothers suffer from an increased risk of long-term disease and early death. Pakistan's adult population also face a malnutrition burden. United Nations International Children Emergency Funds New York. The 19 papers that were submitted as evidence to the Independent Inquiry into Inequalities in Health Chaired by Sir Donald Acheson. Severe malnutrition, typified by wasting, edema or both, occurs almost exclusively in children. Eighteen countries, including China, Brazil and Kuwait, shared the top rank with GHI score of less than five, the website of the Global Hunger Index that tracks hunger and malnutrition said on Thursday. Ministry of Finance Islamabad, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, Government of Punjab (2018) Punjab Development Statistics, 2018, Planning and Development department Bureau of Statistics Government of the Punjab, Pakistan. A limited number of children 1143(45.77) were access of treated water while 1354 (54.23%) not use treated water with estimated mean value of 1.43 and standard deviation 0.874. Correspondence to Malnutrition in Sindh. Household access of treated water their children was 47–70% less chance of stunting and underweight rather than children not access of treated water, and findings are alike the study of [79]. Dilshad Ahmad developed idea, wrote the manuscript and estimated the data, Aisha Imtiaz compiled data, while Muhammad Afzal finally reviewed it. Improving nutritional status of child, there is need of proper intervention through promoting the programs of children vaccination for competing immunization and adequate nutrition for children as increasing resistant to diseases and enhancing physical strength. Children belong to lowest wealth quintile family were 2.174, 2.243 and 1.258 times more expected to stunted rather than children’s related to highest wealth quintile (OR = 2.174, CI 95% 1.234–3.376, p value 0.027), (OR = 2.243, CI 95% 1.261–3.287, p value < 0.002) and (OR = 1.258, CI 95% 0.831–2.473, p value 0.016). The right nutrition at the right time is essential for child survival, health and development. Cookies policy. In 2015, the suicide rate in Pakistan was approximately . Incomplete immunization increases risk of diseases among children [26]. Socioeconomic variables descriptive statistics of the study are reported in Table 1, and logistic regression model estimated parameters to recognize socioeconomic factors influencing stunting, wasting and underweight of children age < 5 years presented in Table 2. Three more children died of malnutrition and epidemics in Sindh's Tharparkar district. Source: Peter Svedberg (2000), poverty and under nutrition: Theory, Measurement and Policy, Causes, Symptoms and Consequences of Under nutrition. Pakistan The Government of Pakistan re-affirmed its commitment made in November of 350 billion rupees (US$2.18 billion) over next five years to address malnutrition and stunting. These results are similar with the studies of [25, 79]. Families with incomplete children immunization status their children were 1.387, 1.541 and 1.342 times more occurrence of stunting, wasting and underweight rather the children with complete immunization status (OR = 1.387, CI 95% 1.123–2.431, p value < 0.019), (OR = 1.541, CI 95% 0.754–2.687, p value 0.001) and (OR = 1.342, CI 95% 1.041–2.658, p value 0.004). Out of total sample, 544 (21.79%) children were in fourth wealth quintile index and 385 (15.42%) children in highest household wealth quintile index with mean value of 2.87 and standard deviation 1.342. Estimating the impact of various socioeconomic factors on malnutrition status by considering various dependent variables for stunting, wasting and underweight, three logistic regression models were used. This comprehensive text offers a multidisciplinary perspective on aspects of adolescent nutrition. Child malnutrition indicates as suffering in one or more than one forms as underweight, stunting and wasting [89]. Out of total sample, 235 (9.41%) children mother education was secondary schooling and 218 (8.73%) schooling of higher education with estimated mean value 2.11 and standard deviation of 1.329. After 2010 floods and the National Nutrition Survey 2011, effective actions on many of issues like childhood stunting, wasting and widespread micro-nutrient deficiencies were lacked. 26 No. Malnutrition, either under-nutrition or over-nutrition, is a persistent global public health concern which causes different types of diet-related non-communicable diseases [1,2].Recently a report on global child malnutrition documented that most of the low and middle income countries are going through the nutrition transition, and experiencing the coexistence of dual faced . The situation is quite dire in Pakistan, with stunting and wasting heavily prevalent in the country. Children of some months and 1 year were more risk of malnutrition as children of 4 years with frequency of stunting, wasting and underweight it may be the reason community with lower socioeconomic status and less delivery of health services as these findings are in contrast with the studies of [6, 27, 78]. Int J Nutr Food Sci 7(1):11, Tadesse A, Hailu D, Bosha T (2018) Nutritional status and associated factors among pastoralist children aged 6–23 months in Benna Tsemay Woreda, South Omo zone, Southern Ethiopia. Empirical estimates of the study specified the prevalence of higher frequency of stunting (18.58), wasting (28.43) and underweight (19.54) among children particularly in rural areas of the study district Multan. The country confronts a triple burden of malnutrition affecting young children, adolescents, pregnant and lactating women. Households with food shortage were higher prevalence of malnutrition (stunting, wasting and underweight) in children rather than children adequate access of food. UNICEF is ensuring strong technical support to transfer the responsibility of the Community Management of Acute Malnutrition (CMAM) programme to government, where feasible, and in strengthening the health system to scale-up and deliver quality care and treatment services for severe acute malnutrition. The state of the world’s children Available at: https://www.unicef.org/sowc/archive/ENGLISH/The%20State%20of%20the%20World%27s%20Children%201998.pdf, United Nations (2016) Sustainable development goals report. 6 Facts About Poverty in Pakistan. According to the media report, the Health Department said that the number of children killed in Thar Parkar this month has risen to 49 while the number of children killed in Tharparkar this year has reached 361 . He said "For actionable plans and progress towards SDGs, food security, and ending malnutrition, we have to develop district-specific and region-specific strategies." COVID-19. Gomal J Med Sci 13(1), Lima MDC, Motta MEFA, Santos EC, Silva GAPD (2004) Determinants of impaired growth among hospitalized children: a case-control study. In this study we assess the prevalence of Malnutrition in chronic kidney disease patients. Data Accuracy Not Guaranteed WHO Excludes Cause of Death Data For the following countries: Andorra, Cook Islands, Dominica, Marshall Islands . Critically, the diets of Pakistani children require substantially more diversity and, in most cases, lack sufficient calories. Households access of sanitation facility their children were 80% less prevalence of stunting compared to those children having of access of sanitation facility as findings are similar the studies of [62, 79]. Over half the children are affected by stunting and about 9% by wasting. In this study, prevalence of higher-level malnutrition was estimated due to lower socioeconomic status among major population in the community specifically in rural areas. Grossman [32] expanded the theory ‘Demand for Health,’ and it was further improved by a number of economists like [15, 17, 76]. São Paulo Med J 122(3):117–123, Ma’alin A, Birhanu D, Melaku S, Tolossa D, Mohammed Y, Gebremicheal K (2016) Magnitude and factors associated with malnutrition in children 6–59 months of age in Shinille Woreda, Ethiopian Somali regional state: a cross-sectional study. As part of its Reimagine campaign, UNICEF calls for accelerated action to prevent and treat malnutrition caused by pandemic as humanitarian community appeals for $2.4 billion to improve maternal and child nutrition. Oxford University Press on Demand, Oxford, Kavosi E, Rostami ZH, Kavosi Z, Nasihatkon A, Moghadami M, Heidari M (2014) Prevalence and determinants of under-nutrition among children under six: a cross-sectional survey in Fars province, Khan GN, Turab A, Khan MI, Rizvi A, Shaheen F, Ullah A et al (2016) Prevalence and associated factors of malnutrition among children under-five years in Sindh, Pakistan: a cross-sectional study. #NutritionPK pic.twitter.com/yy59l40HbL. ISLAMABAD – A new National Nutrition Survey (NNS) launched on Tuesday claimed that four out of 10 children under the age of five years are stunted in Pakistan. Initially developed in 1998 and reviewed in 2004, this latest edition of the CCCs brings UNICEF s humanitarian policy in line with evolving humanitarian contexts, including humanitarian reform and the cluster approach, informed by field ... Malnutrition signifies with disproportion of energy and nutrients in physical status among children and adults [91]. The bane of child and maternal malnutrition is responsible for 15 per cent of India's total disease burden. The Deputy Director Development British High Commission, Jim Carpy said "United Kingdom is proud to support this very important initiative to assess the nutritional needs in Pakistan." FELTP has served as a key technical arm during several public health events, including the Human Avian Influenza outbreak in 2007, an HIV outbreak in 2008, the flood response in 2010, and the dengue outbreak in 2011. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 28(1):146–151, Afridi MF, Khushdil A, Riaz S, Ehsan A (2014) Nutritional status of pre-school children—a cross-sectional study in Mingora. Oxford University Press, Oxford, Johnson RA, Wichern DW (1998) Principal components. Paternal schooling significantly influences in provision of family adequate nutrition, shelter, sanitation due to sound income and appropriate use of resources [55]. The study used the data of 2497 children, obtained from Multiple Integrated Cluster Survey 2018 and employed Binary logistic regression approach for empirical estimation the effects of socioeconomic factors on malnutrition among children. In Seasonal Variability in Third World Agriculture: The Consequences for Food Security, pp. The study has no funding source from any institution or donor agency. In this regression, dependent variable is converted into logit function to get maximum likelihood estimation using an iterative technique that returns the ‘best explaining values for the population parameters’ [36, 39, 40]. Wasting is extremely high in Pakistan, with several areas in the country considered to be at emergency level of wasting. This region is absolutely neglected to highlighting malnutrition standing among children under 5 years in this area so to addressing such gap this study tried focus some aspects. Malnutrition elimination in its all forms indicated 2nd Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of United Nations [85] as ultimate purpose is all children free from malnutrition issue [89]. Children with access of treated water were 0.593 and 0.689 times less risk of stunting and underweight rather the children having no access of treated water (OR = 0.593, CI 95% 0.387–1.965, p value 0.031) and (OR = 0.689, CI 95% 0.542–2.743, p value < 0.002). In order to prevent and reverse stunting, UNICEF Pakistan is focusing its support on the 1,000-day nutrition “window,” during which children’s nutritional deprivations can be reversed. UNICEF with its expertise in advocacy, communication for development (C4D), linking mass media with interpersonal communication community based strategies, micronutrient supplementation and fortification, is well placed to assist all levels of government in addressing these issues, in alignment with the government’s nutrition plans and Vision 2025, among other key strategy documents. Households facing limitations in social and economic development are most probably face issues in physical growth [10] due to consumption of poor food, illness scenario, sanitation insufficiency, pitiable hygienic practice and inadequate safe water access [82]. In addition, the book presents local and international regulations and provides suggestions on how to harmonize regulations and traditional practices to promote safety and global availability of these foods. PubMed Google Scholar. In Asian region according to classification of United Nations, Southern Asian region countries share higher frequency of stunting 57.9 million (71%), 25.3 million (75%) wasting and 5.5 million (30%) overweight in the region and showing the higher severely of malnutrition in this region [88]. Underweight status was close relationship with male gender (OR = 1.213, CI 95% 0.821–2.897), incomplete immunization (OR = 1.342, CI 95% 1.041–2.658) and treated water access (OR = 0.689, CI 95% 0.542–2.743). intended for every one of persons in the community with most important consequence of development in human capital, human rights and adequate health and nutritional access to children [64]. Pregnant women need a diverse diet rich in vitamins and minerals though this is rarely the case in Pakistan. Pediatrics 125(3):e473–e480, World Bank Group (2019) Levels and Trends in Child Malnutrition Key Findings Edition, 2019. Sajdda Bibi, a Lady health worker (LHW) conducts a hygiene, Nutrition & Breastfeeding awareness session for a group of women and children in a health house in Basti (village) Shaheed Abad, Mahmood Kot, Muzaffargarh district, Punjab province Pakistan. Found inside – Page 62Global burden of maternal and child undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies. ... Food safety challenges: A Pakistan's perspective. Critical Reviews in Food ... Available at: https://www.globalhungerindex.org/pdf/en /2020.pdf. Ordinary least square (OLS), probit regression model, logit regression model and tobit regression model were most probably used for the empirical estimation of research studies. KHYBER – Prime Minister Imran Khan on Thursday launched the country's first ever Ehsaas Nashonuma Program aimed ... On PM's special directives, the ministry is leading in inter-sectoral coordination and advocacy as well as policy and planning for nutrition in the country. This background paper was prepared for the report Asian Development Outlook 2020 Update: Wellness in . Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. This manual aims to signpost for the users the best way to measure food and nutrient intakes and to enhance their understanding of the key features, strengths and limitations of various methods. Therefore, this study aims to identify the determinants of inadequate complementary feeding . This year’s report presents evidence that the absolute number of people who suffer from hunger continues to slowly increase. The report also highlights that food insecurity is more than just hunger. In section four, results of the study are elaborated as discussion of study highlighted in section five while conclusion given in the last section of the study. The . A higher frequency of children 1927 (77.17%) not completed their immunization of age and only 570 (22.83%) completed their immunization status with mean of 1.67 and standard deviation 0.942. BMC Pediatr 12(1):80, Achakzai P, Khan R (2016) Nutritional status and associated factors among children less than five years of age in tehsil Zarghoon town, District Quetta, Baluchistan. In . Reproduction of this website's content without express written permission from 'Daily Pakistan' is strictly prohibited. Malnutrition remains a major global health challenge, with an estimated 149 million children suffering stunting and almost 50 million acute malnutrition in 2019 (Independent Expert Group of the Global Nutrition Report, 2020; United Nations Children's Fund [UNICEF] et al., 2020).Acute malnutrition in young children is defined as weight-for-height z-score (WHZ) < −2 SD or . 14 per cent are undernourished, which reflects an improvement compared to 18 per cent in 2011. Found inside – Page 78Every year, Pakistan loses 3 percent of its GDP (USD 7.6 billion) to malnutrition-induced reductions in future ... In March 2020, based on findings of the study, the programme scaled up to provide monthly unconditional cash transfers of ... J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 22(4):15–18, Babatunde RO, Olagunju FI, Fakayode SB, Sola-Ojo FE (2011) Prevalence and determinants of malnutrition among under-five children of farming households in Kwara State, Nigeria. According to the Global Nutrition Report 2020, 37.9 per cent of India's children under five years are stunted, and 20.8 per cent are wasted, a form of malnutrition where children are too thin for their height. In Pakistan, 5% of infants under 6 months are exclusively breastfed, this is well below the Southern Asia average of 54.2%. The binary logistic regression equation for the model which has to be estimated based on the functional form will be as: where MSC = malnutrition status of children 1 or 0. He highlighted the importance of cascading high level commitments into policies that benefit the masses. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-020-00032-x, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-020-00032-x. J Health Econ 1(1):1–3, Gul R, Kibria Z (2013) Prevalence and predeterminants of malnutrition in children under 3 years of age in the two rural communities of peshawar. Part of PM Imran launches first anti-stunting Ehsaas ... Punjab becoming hub of global investments: minister. 8 out of 10 children in Pakistan do not eat right type and quantity of food. In Pakistan, almost half of children less than five are stunted and one out of ten children indulged in wasting (State Bank of Pakistan (SBP), 2019) [75]. Malnutrition is one of the foremost socio-economic problems faced by developing countries like Pakistan. Death Rate Per 100,000 Age Standardized SELECT CAUSE. Nutr Res Pract 7(2):122–131, Food and Agriculture Organization (2019) Global Report on Food Crisis 2019, Food and Agriculture Organization United Nations. Also, India has slipped to 101st position in the Global Hunger Index (GHI) 2021 of 116 countries, from its 2020 position of 94th and is behind its neighbours Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal. According to the National Nutrition Survey, 33%of all children were underweight . Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 24(4):665, Zainab S, Kadir MM (2016) Nutritional status and physical abuse among the children involved in domestic labour in Karachi Pakistan: a cross-sectional survey. https://www.who.int/nutgrowthdb/jme-2019-key-findings.pdf?ua=1, World Health Organization (2018) World Health Statistics 2018, Monitoring Health for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGS), World Health Organization. There is insufficient data on low birth weight. 2 [29]. 12:44 pm. Malnutrition known as component of a vicious cycle comprises three elements disease; malnutrition and poverty are associated in such a means to everyone supply to the existence of the others [61, 67]. First developed jointly by HarvestPlus and the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) in 2013, and tested in more than 60 field trials in Pakistan, Akbar-2019 is a second-wave zinc wheat variety that will contribute to alleviating hidden hunger . Pakistan in 2020 - Part I. Firstly, this study focused malnutrition status among children under 5 years in this region which not properly highlighted in southern Punjab area, secondly this study focused both urban and rural areas and both gender in the study no research work in such scenario in this locality, and thirdly this study selected Multan city the biggest city of southern Punjab and 8th major city of Pakistan [29]. ‘Theory of Justice’ presented by John Rawls’ [38] suggests widespread right to use is named ‘social primary goods’ (similar to liberties, chances, self-confidence, etc.) The government needs to enhance economic opportunities, promote healthcare education, increase nutritional access and generate improving personal hygiene habits through appropriate economic, political and social policy measures. Linear probability model violates all the assumptions on which binary models are based then the logistic regression model more appropriate for estimating regarding the binary-dependent variables [35]. Becker [14] has focused household factors of nutrition as ‘nutrition production function’ indicates the status of child’s nutrition as health ‘inputs’ set. Futur Bus J 6, 30 (2020). Breastfeeding is a critical nutrition intervention for improving both the dietary quality and quantity for children. Pakistan's death rate, as given by the World Bank, is 7.28 per 1000 people in 2016 (the lowest rate in the 2006-2018 period). A positive relationship exists between the age of the child and the prevalence rates of stunting . Bureau of statistics Government of the Punjab, Pakistan. Health at a Glance: Latin America and the Caribbean 2020 presents key indicators on health and health systems in 33 Latin America and the Caribbean countries. Accessed on 31 Jan 2016, Smith LC, Haddad LJ (2000) Explaining child malnutrition in developing countries: a cross-country analysis(vol 111). Malnutrition is especially unkind to the poorest of the poor, who cannot afford a staple diet of high-quality nutritious food. Column two illustrates one is to estimation expenditure directly or energy intake, second column highlights anthropometric measurements, and third column describes further indications that in a roundabout way reveals an insufficient energy balance. However, the national nutrition survey 2018 showed that 36.9 percent of the population faces food insecurity.Primarily, this is due to limited economic access by the poorest and most vulnerable . BMC Nutr 2(1):44, Mahmood S, Nadeem S, Saif T, Mannan M, Arshad U (2016) Nutritional status and associated factors in under-five children of Rawalpindi. Found insideMadagascar's social safety net programs also play an important role in addressing child malnutrition and development. ... Pakistan. Fill the Nutrient Gap, an innovative analysis by the World Food Programme, identifies the bottlenecks ... Malnutrition. Oxford University Press, Oxford, Owoaje E, Onifade O, Desmennu A (2014) Family and socioeconomic risk factors for undernutrition among children aged 6 to 23 Months in Ibadan, Nigeria. Family size significantly associated with malnutrition status of wasting, stunting and underweight as family size increases malnutrition status wasting, stunting and underweight increases, reason underlying is this with family increase resources become scare and less nutrition and care focused to children. The World Food Program (WFP) 2020 reports that over three million people in the country are experiencing severe food insecurity, mainly in the drought-affected districts of Balochistan and Sindh. While programs to care and treat severe acute malnutrition are highly effective in Pakistan, achieving cure rates above global standards, they are covering less than five per cent of the total numbers of malnourished children. "This book provides vital research on the association of environmental pollutants and global warming with viruses in tropical regions. Effect of socioeconomic factors on malnutrition among children in Pakistan. The significant socioeconomic factors linked by child malnutrition used in this study were age, gender, mother education (none/pre-school, primary, middle, secondary and higher), family income (lowest, secondary, middle, higher and highest), family size, area (rural, urban), food access, treated water, immunization status and sanitation facility [83]. This study aimed to find out the effect of socioeconomic factors on malnutrition, children aged under 5 years in Multan district of . There are some significant reasons for the selection of study area, firstly Pakistan was selected for the study due to relatively higher prevalence of malnutrition among Southern Asian developing countries and slower malnutrition reducing scenario among these countries [23, 90], secondly Punjab province among four provinces was chosen for the study the basis of most populated province and sharing 53% population of the country [30], thirdly in Punjab province, southern Punjab region was chosen for the study owing to higher occurrence of stunting, wasting, overweight and underweight from the rest of the region of Punjab province [31], and lastly Multan district was selected for the study as most populated main city of southern Punjab and 8th major city of Pakistan as indicated in Fig.
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